新安江流域横向生态补偿的经济效应

以新安江流域横向生态补偿试点作为准自然实验,采用2001~2017年中国安徽和浙江省内县域面板数据,利用双重差分方法（DID）定量研究了试点政策对流域上下游地区经济发展的影响及可能机制.结果显示：试点政策对上游地区的经济发展造成了一定程度的抑制影响,表现为相关地区的人均GDP或地区GDP出现了下降,而对流域下游地区经济发展并无显著作用,这一结论在进行多项稳健性检验后仍然成立;新安江试点政策对上游地区经济发展的负面影响呈现出了“先增强后减弱”的动态变化规律;此外,机制分析显示5个试点县内规模以上工业企业个数显著下降,表明“企业退出”是新安江试点政策对上游地区经济发展造成负面影响的重要原因.本研究可为后续制定和实施跨地区水资源保护的利益调配机制提供依据.     

扑草净水环境质量基准及风险评估

选择田间使用量大的扑草净为研究对象,分析了扑草净在南四湖流域地表水中的空间分布,推导了扑草净的水质基准,通过定性与定量风险评估方法评估了扑草净的生态风险.结果表明,南四湖流域28个地表水采样点中扑草净浓度为0~667.7ng/L,平均值为69.2ng/L.搜集筛选了15种水生生物慢性毒性数据,利用物种敏感度分布法,推导出扑草净的水质基准为82.4ng/L.使用商值法评估南四湖流域生态风险,结果表明,扑草净生态风险最高区域位于NS09,主要来源是地表径流与雨水冲刷.采用联合概率曲线法进一步分析生态风险,发现南四湖水体中扑草净对1%~5%的水生生物产生危害的概率为11.2%~6.4%.总体来看,南四湖流域扑草净的生态环境风险处于较低水平.     

湖底陷阱捕获内污染技术在浅水湖泊的应用

基于研发的湖底陷阱捕获内污染技术,在巢湖进行应用研究.结果表明,湖底陷阱可有效收集叶绿素a、有机质、总氮和总磷等湖底沉积物中内源污染物.不同位置和季节湖底陷阱收集的沉积物厚度差异显著,西巢湖收集的污染物含量最多,湖心区域收集污染物量最少;夏秋季节淤积较快,冬春季节淤积略慢.单位面积（1m²）湖底陷阱年收集叶绿素a、有机质、总氮和总磷可分别达2.37~15.28g、8.96~21.82kg、0.78~1.88kg和0.30~0.93kg.综合考虑湖流场、风浪场、湖底污染物分布及厚度,巢湖湖体内沿湖流汇集区可布置6条11~33km的湖底陷阱,并在7个主要入河口布置湖底陷阱,同时可利用现有航道,进一步加深后形成湖底陷阱,可为巢湖内源控制提供新的治理手段和管理方法.     

Selection of water source for water transfer based on algal growth potential to prevent algal blooms

Water transfer is becoming a popular method for solving the problems of water quality deterioration and water level drawdown in lakes. However, the principle of choosing water sources for water transfer projects has mainly been based on the effects on water quality, which neglects the influence in the variation of phytoplankton community and the risk of algal blooms. In this study, algal growth potential (AGP) test was applied to predict changes in the phytoplankton community caused by water transfer projects. The feasibility of proposed water transfer sources (Baqing River and Jinsha River) was assessed through the changes in both water quality and phytoplankton community in Chenghai Lake, Southwest China. The results showed that the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Chenghai Lake could be decreased to 0.52 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively with the simulated water transfer source of Jinsha River. The algal cell density could be reduced by 60%, and the phytoplankton community would become relatively stable with the Jinsha River water transfer project, and the dominant species of Anabaena cylindrica evolved into Anabaenopsis arnoldii due to the species competition. However, the risk of algal blooms would be increased after the Baqing River water transfer project even with the improved water quality. Algae gained faster proliferation with the same dominant species in water transfer source. Therefore, water transfer projects should be assessed from not only the variation of water quality but also the risk of algal blooms.     

Nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential, transformation pattern and algal utilization strategies jointly drove cyanobacterial growth and their succession

In order to better understand the contribution of nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential and transformation pattern to cyanobacterial growth and succession, 7 sampling sites in Lake Chaohu with different bloom degree were studied every two months from February to November 2018. The carbon, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forms or fractions in surface, interstitial water and sediments as well as extracellular enzymatic activities, P sorption, specific microbial abundance and community composition in sediments were analyzed. P regeneration pathway was dominated by iron-bound P desorption and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria solubilization in severe-bloom and slight-bloom area respectively, which both resulted in high soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) accumulation in interstitial water. However, in severe-bloom area, higher P release potential caused the strong P release and algal growth, compared to slight-bloom area. In spring, P limitation and N selective assimilation of Dolichospermum facilitated nitrate accumulation in surface water, which provided enough N source for the initiation of Microcystis bloom. In summer, the accumulated organic N in Dolichospermum cells during its bloom was re-mineralized as ammonium to replenish N source for the sustainable development of Microcystis bloom. Furthermore, SRP continuous release led to the replacement of Dolichospermum by Microcystis with the advantage of P quick utilization, transport and storage. Taken together, the succession from Dolichospermum to Microcystis was due to both the different forms of N and P in water column mediated by different regeneration and transformation pathways as well as release potential, and algal N and P utilization strategies.     

盐结皮对艾比湖湿地土壤特性的影响及其自然要素分析

为探讨艾比湖湿地内土壤盐结皮(SSC)与土壤特性的相互作用关系,以及影响SSC厚度的自然要素。采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,在湿地内选取30个具有代表性的样点,并在其周围选取无SSC的样点(30个)作对比,对研究区内有SSC和无SSC覆盖的土壤特性(有机质、容重、质量含水量、总盐、全氮、全磷和p H)进行对比分析,并结合气候要素(风速、气温、湿度和降水量)探讨其对SSC厚度的影响。结果表明:(1) SSC覆盖的土壤总盐平均含量为27.7 g/kg,质量含水量为16.8 g/kg,显著高于无SSC覆盖的土壤总盐(17.8 g/kg)和质量含水量(10.7 g/kg),有SSC覆盖的土壤有机质、全磷和全氮含量分别为6.9、0.88和0.63 g/kg,低于无SSC覆盖的土壤有机质(8.8 g/kg)、全磷(1.05 g/kg)和全氮(0.87 g/kg),有SSC覆盖的土壤碱性更强、容重更大;(2) SSC覆盖下的土壤总盐、容重和p H随深度增加而下降,质量含水量、全磷和全氮随深度增加而增加。SSC厚度与土壤总盐(0.676**)、质量含水量(0.513**)和容重(0.484*)成正相关,与有机质(-0.426*)、p H(-0.402*)、全磷(-0.233)和全氮(-0.303)呈负相关,随深度增加相关性逐渐减弱;(3)主成份分析表明SSC厚度3 cm时,土壤总盐、质量含水量和风速对其影响最大,权重分别为0.42、0.25和0.17。总之,SSC可以提高土壤保水性,增加土壤容重,但不利于养分的积累,会使土壤碱化、盐化更强烈。SSC的厚度受土壤总盐、质量含水量和风速的影响较大。     

洪湖营养盐时空分布特征及成因分析

洪湖是江汉平原重要的淡水水体。为了揭示洪湖营养盐时空分布特征和原因,开展了对洪湖为期一年的采样调查,连续采集12个月水样和一次沉积物样品,测定样品中营养盐含量。结果表明:(1)洪湖水体营养盐污染水平较高,除氨氮(NH_4~+-N)外,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)难以达到Ⅱ类。(2)空间上有机物污染浓度呈现南高北低的特征,氮磷呈现西高东低的特征;时间上冬季水体氮磷平均浓度最高,夏季氮磷平均浓度最低; COD_(Mn)和氮磷变化相反。(3)表层沉积物有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量范围分别是16.3～180 g/kg,0.704～7.64 g/kg,0.312～0.801 g/kg。总氮和有机质空间分布相似,南部东北部西北部;总磷空间分布特征,西北部东北部南部。洪湖水质时空变化受内源和外源共同影响。内源主要来自沉积物和水生植物,外源输入主要包括四湖总干渠汇入和人类活动产生的污染。     

洱海藻类水华高风险期沉积物氮磷释放通量时空变化

选择藻类水华高风险期,研究沉积物氮磷释放通量时空变化及影响因素,以揭示沉积物氮磷释放对洱海水质影响.结果表明:①2009、2013和2018年洱海沉积物氮磷释放通量整体呈上升趋势,与2009相比,2013年增幅较大,而2018年与2013年相比增幅较小;溶解性总氮(DTN)释放通量在11. 71～14. 15 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),其中有机氮(DON)释放通量在6. 39～8. 42mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTN的58%,无机氮(DIN)释放通量在5. 31～5. 73 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTN的42%;溶解性总磷(DTP)释放通量在0. 11～0. 14 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),无机磷(DIP)释放通量在0. 07～0. 09 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTP的66%,有机磷(DOP)释放通量在0. 04～0. 05 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTP的34%.②洱海沉积物氮磷释放通量空间差异也较大,其中氮释放通量呈南部北部中部趋势,磷释放通量表现为北部中部南部趋势; 2009、2013和2018年相比,由北向南各湖区氮释放通量增幅分别为17%、13%和23%,磷释放通量增幅分别为19%、28%和29%.③2009、2013和2018年相比,洱海沉积物氮磷含量总体稳定,不是影响其释放通量变化主因,水华高风险期水体pH增加和DO下降是影响沉积物氮磷释放通量变化的重要因素,洱海保护应关注水体环境因子变化导致的沉积物氮磷释放增加问题.     

衡水湖沉积物中典型持久性有机污染物污染特征与风险评估

在衡水湖布设11个点位,于2018年8月和2019年3月开展两次采样,对衡水湖沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)这3类典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)进行污染特征分析及生态风险评价.结果表明:①8月和3月衡水湖沉积物中∑PAHs平均值分别为875.49 ng·g~(-1)和1 010.17 ng·g~(-1),与国内外其他地区相比处于中等污染水平,∑PAHs空间分布存在差异,但是季节变化差异不明显; PAHs污染来源复杂,最主要为木材和煤燃烧,其次为石油污染; PAHs生态风险处于较低水平,建议加强对芴的防控.②8月和3月衡水湖沉积物中∑OCPs平均值分别为35.57 ng·g~(-1)和38.39 ng·g~(-1),与国内外其他地区相比处于中等污染水平,∑OCPs空间差异较小,季节差异变化显著;沉积物中DDTs含量主要受土壤中长期分化残留的DDTs和新DDTs源输入的影响,HCHs含量同时受工业历史使用和农业林丹的输入的影响; OCPs总体生态风险处于中等水平,需加强对DDTs防控.③8月和3月衡水湖沉积物中∑PBDEs平均值分别为1.77 ng·g~(-1)和1.45 ng·g~(-1),与国内外其他地区相比处于较低污染水平,各点位∑PBDEs空间差异较小,季节变化差异不明显;沉积物中PBDEs主要为低溴代PBDEs,其污染可能来源于纺织、泡沫品产生的五溴联苯醚,也可能是通过远距离的大气、水体沉降迁移或岸边土壤冲刷入湖; PBDEs暂时没有生态风险.     

鄱阳湖湖口-长江段沉积物中微塑料与重金属污染物的赋存关系

重金属是环境中的典型污染物,而微塑料是新型污染物,两者的共存可导致复合污染而存在潜在的生态风险.为探讨鄱阳湖湿地环境中微塑料与重金属的赋存关系,对鄱阳湖湖口-长江段沉积物中微塑料与重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr)的含量及其形态特征进行分析.结果表明,沉积物干物质中微塑料丰度范围为356～1 452 n·kg~(-1),平均丰度值达982. 33 n·kg~(-1);通过显微鉴定微塑料形态有碎片类、纤维类和薄膜类,以碎片类为主(48. 23%);而颜色主要以彩色为主;粒径以≤1. 00mm为主;聚合物成分主要为聚乙烯(PE)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和聚丙烯(PP).电镜扫描-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)发现,微塑料表面具粗糙、多孔、裂痕和撕裂的特征,并附着多种重金属元素.5种重金属在湿地沉积物中均有不同程度积累,冗余分析表明,沉积物主要理化因素(TOC、pH、EC及粒径)及微塑料赋存对重金属的总含量均有显著影响(P 0. 05);方差分解分析(VPA)显示,理化因素和微塑料对重金属有效态的贡献率分别为37. 70%和0. 70%,但两者的协同贡献率达49. 60%,可导致重金属形态向有效态转化.微塑料可作为重金属的附着载体并将进一步增强重金属污染物的生物有效性,对湿地生态安全构成潜在威胁.